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Ski jumping
Ski jumping is a form of Nordic skiing in which athletes descend a specially constructed takeoff ramp (known as the ''inrun''), jump from the end of it (the ''table'') with as much power as they can generate, and "fly" as far as possible down a steeply sloped hill.〔Judd, Ron (2009-12-13). ("Ski Jumping and Nordic Combined | Winter Olympics Spectator’s Guide" ). ''The Seattle Times''. The Seattle Times Company. Retrieved 2015-05-18.〕 Points are awarded for distance and style by five judges, with competition sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS). To enable the athletes (who are known as ''ski jumpers'') to effectively glide such long distances and land safely, the skis they use are considerably wider and longer than their cross-country and alpine skiing counterparts. Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport and has been part of the Winter Olympic Games since its inception in 1924,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Ski Jumping )〕 but it can also be performed in the summer on artificial surfaces made from plastic. Along with cross-country skiing, ski jumping is one of two sports which form the Nordic combined discipline.
==History==
The recorded origins of ski jumping can be traced directly to November 1808, in which Danish-Norwegian lieutenant Olaf Rye launched himself 9.5 metres in the air as a show of courage to his fellow soldiers at Eidsberg church in Eidsberg, Norway.〔Sihera, Elaine (2010-01-13). ("History of Ski Jumping Winter Olympics Norway Matt Nykanen Sondre Nordheim Olaf Rye" ). sportinglife360.com. Helium, Inc. Archived from (the original on 2014-06-06 ). Retrieved 2015-05-13.〕 By 1862, ski jumpers were facing much larger jumps and traveling longer. The very first recorded public competition was held at Trysil, Norway, on 22 January 1862. At this first competition, judges already awarded points for style ("elegance and smoothness"), participants had to complete three jumps without falling and rules were agreed upon in advance.〔Saur, Lasse (1999): ''Norske ski – til glede og besvær.'' Research report, Høgskolen i Finnmark.〕 It is clear from the news report published in ''Morgenbladet'' that the ski jumping in Trysild was entertainment, but also a national, competitive sports event. The first known female ski jumper participated at the Trysil competition in 1863.〔Haarstad, Kjell (1993): Skisportens oppkomst i Norge. Trondheim: Tapir.〕 Norway's Sondre Norheim jumped 30 meters without the benefit of poles.〔 In 1866, the first skiing event held in Christiania near Old Aker Church was a combined cross-country, slalom and jumping competition, and attracted an audience of some 2,000 people. Sondre Norheim won his first competition in Christiania in 1868.〔 The first widely known ski jumping competition was the Husebyrennene, held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 meters.〔(''Oslo – Huseby'' (Ski Jumping Hill Archive) )〕 Explorer Fridtjof Nansen was a skilled skier and was number 7 in the 1881 competition at Huseby.〔 Until 1884–1886 jumping and cross-country was a single integrated competition: In 1886 at Huseby cross-country and jumping were held on separate days, and final results were calculated from the combined achievements (similar to present nordic combined).〔 The annual event was moved to Holmenkollen from 1892, and Holmenkollen has remained the pinnacle of ski jumping venues. To distinguish ski jumping competition only from Nordic combined, it is still referred to as "spesielt hopprenn" in Norwegian (ski jumping only).
In 1929, Norwegian instructors arrived in Sapporo to train the Japanese in ski jumping.〔
The Large Hill competition was included on the Olympic programme for the 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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